After bowling four overs on day one at Edgbaston on Thursday, Anderson left the field due to feeling tightness in his right calf.
The 37-year-old seamer had a scan later in the day and despite batting in both of England’s innings he did not feature again in the field, as Australia - inspired by Steve Smith - won by 251 runs.
England’s all-time leading Test wicket-taker will now miss the second match of the series, which starts at Lord’s on August 14, and will continue to be evaluated.
An ECB statement said: “[An] MRI confirmed that Anderson has suffered a calf injury. As a result of the injury, he will commence a rehabilitation programme working with the England and Lancashire medical teams.
“He will be reassessed on an ongoing basis regarding his availability for the rest of the Ashes series.”
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